SCIENTIFIC PAPERS ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGIES
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.785rem; margin: 1.43rem 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">AIM AND SCOPE The aim of Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies (Lucrari Stiintifice Zootehnie si Biotehnologii) journal is to share knowledge of scientific advancements in the field of animal science and biotechnologies, promoting the interdisciplinary and innovative studies. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.785rem; margin: 1.43rem 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">RESEARCH FIELDS <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> ANIMAL FEEDING AND NUTRITION ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AQUACULTURE BIOCHEMISTRY BIOTECHNOLOGIES ECOLOGY ETOLOGY AND ANIMAL WELFARE FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY GENETICS AND ANIMAL IMPROVING GRASSLAND AND FOODER CROPS MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING PROCESSING OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.785rem; margin: 1.43rem 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.785rem; margin: 1.43rem 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The articles of this journal are indexed in: <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.785rem; margin: 1.43rem 0px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Directory of Open Access Journals, EBSCO, CAB Abstracts, CABI Full Text, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, Google Scholar, CiteFactor
Morphocytometric Analysis of Phagocytic Cells in the Hemolymph of Clinically Healthy Adult Honey Bees Exposed to Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on immune status by assessing morphocytometric changes in phagocytic cells from the hemolymph of bees involved in the cellular immune response. The analysis also examined the relationship between these changes, the distribution of electromagnetic power density, and the distance from the emission source. The results showed significant variations in radiation power density as a function of distance, with the highest values recorded at intermediate distances, particularly around 300 m, where both elevated levels and pronounced variability were observed. Hemolymph analysis of nurse bees (7–45 days old) collected from apiaries located near sources of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation revealed a significant decrease in the proportion of phagocytic cell types, namely granulocytes (10%), macrocytes (2%), microcytes (13%), plasmocytes (29%) and spindle-shaped cells (1%), compared with transport stress. The decrease in the proportion of phagocytic cells observed in bees exposed to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation may be associated with alterations in cellular immune activity, suggesting a possible effect of electromagnetic stress. Statistical analysis further demonstrated significant differences between the experimental and control groups, reflected in a significant increase in the percentages of granulocytes, microcytes, and plasmocytes in the experimental group compared with the control group.
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Antioxidant Effect of Apple Pomace Diet in Intestinal Lymph Nodes of Weaned Piglets Challenged with Escherichia coli Endotoxin
The valorization of agro-industrial by-products represents an important strategy for promoting circular economy and sustainable agri-food systems. Apple pomace, a major by-product of the fruit processing industry, is a rich source of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, with potential applications in animal nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary apple pomace inclusion on oxidative stress in weaned piglets challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A total of 26 weaned piglets were assigned to four experimental groups: control, LPS-challenged, apple pomace and LPS + apple pomace. After 21 days, oxidative stress markers were assessed in intestinal lymph nodes, including antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and biomarkers of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation. LPS challenge significantly impaired antioxidant defense by decreasing enzyme activities and TAC, while increasing oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Dietary inclusion of apple pomace improved antioxidant enzyme activities and partially restored TAC. Moreover, it significantly reduced LPS-induced oxidative damage, as evidenced by decreased levels of protein carbonyls, TBARS, and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine. In conclusion, apple pomace inclusion in the diet mitigates oxidative stress and enhances antioxidant status in weaned piglets under inflammatory challenge. These findings support the potential use of apple pomace as a functional feed ingredient in animal nutrition.
Improving Sausage Quality with Buckwheat Flour
The growing demand for nutritionally enhanced meat products has stimulated interest in plant-based functional ingredients. This study investigated the effect of partial pork fat replacement with buckwheat flour (Fagopyrum esculentum) at five substitution levels — 20 g, 40 g, 60 g, 80 g, and 100 g per standard batch — on the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of fresh sausages. A control formulation (lean pork: pork belly: spices, with 0 g buckwheat flour) was produced alongside five experimental variants. Chemical composition (lipid, protein, moisture, and NaCl content) was determined using a Food Check automatic analyzer according to STAS standards for fresh sausages. Organoleptic evaluation (color, smell, texture, taste, juiciness, and overall assessment) was conducted by a trained sensory panel of seven evaluators using a 10-point hedonic scale. Physicochemical analysis showed full compliance with STAS admissibility conditions across all samples. Protein content increased progressively from 15.71% (Sample 1) to 16.15% (Sample 5), surpassing the minimum requirement of 9%, while lipid content remained well below the maximum of 35%. Moisture content in experimental samples (49.14%–50.02%) was substantially lower than in the control (60%), which correlated with sensory differences in juiciness. Organoleptic assessment identified Sample 3 (60 g buckwheat flour) as the optimal formulation, achieving an overall score of 9.50/10, comparable to the control (9.80/10). Samples incorporating more than 60 g of buckwheat flour received significantly lower sensory scores, with Sample 5 rated unacceptable. The results demonstrate that buckwheat flour can be incorporated as a partial fat replacer at up to 60 g per batch without compromising sensory acceptability, while maintaining acceptable lipid levels and improving the protein balance of fresh sausages.
Effects of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Flour Addition on Physicochemical, Technological and Sensory Properties of Pork Sausages
Modern nutrition is constantly evolving, and researchers and producers in the food industry are continuously seeking ways to improve product quality. This study investigated the effects of substituting semi-fat pork meat with buckwheat flour (Fagopyrum esculentum) at six different inclusion levels (0g to 50g/500g batch) on the physicochemical, technological, and sensory properties of fresh pork sausages. The main objective was to identify the optimal replacement level that maximizes nutritional benefits while preserving consumer acceptability. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3 replicates per sample), and statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were identified by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test. The results showed that increasing the buckwheat flour concentration produced statistically significant changes in the chemical profile (p < 0.05): the fat content decreased progressively (from 30% in Control to 16.6% in Sample 5), while the protein content increased (from 15% to 25.9%). A notable reduction in sodium chloride (from 3% to 1.8%) was also observed. From a technological perspective, the flour inclusion led to a decrease in the overall water content, suggesting a denser texture and potentially lower juiciness at high concentrations.Sensory evaluation indicated that moderate addition levels (specifically Sample N3 - 30g buckwheat) achieved the highest overall appreciation, being described as having a fine, uniform consistency, intense flavor, and good water holding capacity (WHC). Conversely, higher inclusion levels (N4 and N5) resulted in poor sensory qualities, characterized by a granular texture and a pronounced cereal aftertaste. In conclusion, buckwheat flour represents an effective strategy for developing healthier pork sausages by significantly improving their nutritional composition. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size, and further studies with instrumental texture analysis and a larger consumer panel are recommended to confirm the optimal inclusion level of 30 g per 500 g batch.
A Comprehensive Review of Reptile Meat as an Alternative Protein Source: Nutritional Composition, Safety Concerns, Environmental Impact and Welfare Issues
This review investigates the feasibility of reptile meat as an alternative protein source in the context of rising global protein demand and the need for sustainable food systems. It synthesizes current knowledge on edible reptile species (crocodiles, turtles, snakes and lizards), their farming and geographic distribution and the key nutritional, safety, environmental and welfare aspects associated with their use for human consumption. Available data indicates that reptile meat, particularly from crocodiles, snakes and some turtles, is characterized by high protein content, favourable fatty acid profiles (including essential n‑3 and n‑6 polyunsaturated fatty acids) and appreciable levels of essential amino acids and minerals, making it nutritionally comparable or superior to conventional livestock meats. However, important concerns persist regarding microbiological and chemical hazards, parasites, traceability and the role of reptile farming and harvesting in overexploitation, biodiversity loss and animal welfare challenges. This review highlights substantial regional differences in cultural acceptance and regulatory oversight and identifies major gaps in nutritional composition data, risk assessments, legislation and welfare guidelines for reptile farming and reptile meat safety and quality. Overall, reptile meat may contribute to protein diversification, but its broader commercialization should be contingent on robust food safety management, conservation-compatible sourcing and species-specific welfare standards.
Effect of Plant-Based Feed Additives on Egg Quality and Yolk Oxidative Stability in Laying Hens
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant-based feed additives on egg quality, yolk oxidative status, and fatty acid composition in laying hens. The experiment lasted 56 days and involved ISA Brown hens assigned to seven treatments: a control diet and six diets supplemented with garlic, onion, or paprika at 2.5 or 5 g/kg feed. Each treatment consisted of six cages with two hens per cage. Eggs were collected every 14 days (days 14, 28, 42, and 56). Dietary supplementation did not significantly affect most egg morphometric traits, indicating that the tested additives did not impair overall egg quality. However, yolk color was significantly enhanced in the paprika groups, particularly at the higher inclusion level. Yolk oxidative status was also improved, as shown by reduced malondialdehyde values and increased total antioxidant capacity, mainly in the paprika groups and secondarily in the onion groups, while the highest total phenolic content was observed in the paprika high group. In addition, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids were significantly increased in the supplemented groups. Overall, paprika, especially at 5 g/kg, showed the most pronounced beneficial effects.
Estimation of Breeding Value for Ultrasound Traits on Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in Black Head Teleorman
The aim of the present research was to estimate the breeding values for ultrasound measurement characteristics in Black Head Teleorman sheep using serf-performance for selection. Biological material was consisted from 67 lambs on weaning period at 102 days. Ultrasound measurements were conducted on Longissimus Dorsi muscle, a very good indicator for meat quality. Average body weight was 31 kg. Ultrasound parameters were measured in two points (3rdand 4th lumbar vertebrae and at 12 rib). The statistics obtained for ultrasound characteristics subcutaneous back fat (2.39; 2.44 mm), muscle depth (22.31; 21.44 mm), eye muscle area (9.00; 8.86 cm2) and muscle perimeter (124.54; 123.89 mm). The breeding value for body weight at weaning day was ranged between -4.42 and 5.20. The breeding values for ultrasound characteristics obtained for subcutaneous back fat thickness ranged between -0.28 and 0.45; muscle depth -2.18 and 2.87; eye muscle area -0.77 and 1.19; muscle perimeter -6.89 and 6.12. The relative breeding value could be a very good classification for lambs in to the selection process to make a better evaluation and to continue the breeding with the best individuals for the ultrasound traits with economic importance in meat quality market.
Behavior of Quail Meat During Thermal Processing and Technological Implications: a Review
Quail meat (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a valuable source of animal protein, with nutritional properties superior to other poultry species, including a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, and micronutrients. Despite a steady increase in global quail production, the behavior of this species’ meat during thermal processing remains poorly documented in the scientific literature, which motivates the present review. This paper synthesizes the available data on the physicochemical, structural, and sensory changes induced in quail meat by the main cooking methods (boiling, frying, roasting, grilling, and sous-vide), with emphasis on three key aspects: cooking losses and water-holding capacity, reported in the literature in the range of 10.0-34.2% depending on the method and temperature applied; texture modifications resulting from the denaturation of myofibrillar proteins (myosin and actin) and the solubilization of collagen; and the formation of volatile compounds through the Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation, with direct implications for the sensory profile of the final product. The literature analysis indicates that, at internal temperatures of 70-75°C, quail meat reaches optimal food safety parameters while maintaining moderate cooking losses and acceptable sensory texture. High-temperature, short-time methods (grilling, frying) promote the Maillard reaction and the generation of characteristic aroma compounds, whereas low-temperature, long-time methods (sous-vide) minimize cooking losses and improve tenderness. The paper highlights the need for dedicated experimental research on this species to optimize thermal processing parameters for both technological and gastronomic applications.
External Morphometric Assessment of a 1.5-year-old Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) Population Reared in a Recirculating Aquaculture System
The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), one of the smallest species within the Acipenseridae family, is a freshwater sturgeon of significant ecological and economic value. Its rapid growth rate, early maturation, and high-quality meat are the main factors that have led to the widespread cultivation of this species in numerous fish farms, particularly those practicing intensive rearing in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Rearing sterlet under controlled conditions is also considered a sustainable approach to the conservation of natural populations, as fish farms can provide biological material for restocking programs. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the external morphometric characteristics of a 1.5-year-old sterlet population reared in a recirculating aquaculture system. To achieve this, morphometric measurements were carried out on 30 sterlet specimens of 1.5 years of age, reared exclusively under RAS conditions at the „Pădurea Verde” Fish Farm, part of the Timișoara Didactical Station. The recorded data were statistically processed and used to determine the main body indices describing the population’s conformation, proportionality and condition. In addition, correlations among the principal morphometric traits were analyzed and interpreted. The results revealed a harmonious body development and low variability within the analyzed group, specific to RAS rearing conditions where environmental parameters and feeding are strictly controlled. The results also contribute to a better understanding of the morphometric particularities of sterlet reared under intensive conditions and provide a scientific reference framework for future studies on the growth dynamics of this species.
Biological Traits and Nutritional Requirements of Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, 1869)
The Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) represents a species of major interest, recently introduced into Romanian aquaculture due to its adaptability to controlled rearing conditions and its high economic value. As a species with an ancient phylogeny, it exhibits distinct biological and physiological traits that significantly influence growth performance, metabolic processes, and feeding behavior. From a biological perspective, A. baerii is a benthic species characterized by relatively slow growth and late sexual maturation, as well as a high tolerance to variations in environmental conditions, making it suitable for intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems.From a physiological standpoint, the species demonstrates efficient oxygen utilization, while its metabolic activity is strongly influenced by temperature and water quality parameters. These factors directly affect feed intake, nutrient assimilation, and overall growth and development performance.From a nutritional perspective, A. baerii requires protein-rich diets and efficiently utilizes lipids as a primary energy source, but exhibits a limited capacity to metabolize carbohydrates, highlighting the importance of optimal feed formulation.This review article aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the biological, physiological, and nutritional characteristics of the Siberian sturgeon, with the objective of identifying key factors influencing species growth, in order to support the development of efficient and sustainable aquaculture practices.
Quantitative Splanchnological Study of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) Reared in a Recirculating Aquaculture System
Natural populations of sturgeons have dramatically declined in recent decades due to anthropogenic pressures such as overfishing, habitat degradation and pollution. Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a species of particular interest due to its high-quality meat, economic value and remarkable ability to adapt to recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This study aimed to describe the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the internal organs of 1.5-year-old sterlet specimens reared in intensive indoor systems, using specific quantitative splanchnological methods. The anatomical examination revealed an abdominal cavity with reduced perivisceral fat and a simple digestive tract composed of a short esophagus, a well-developed stomach, and a middle and posterior intestine. The latter was provided with a spiral septum on the inner surface. At the junction between the stomach and the intestine, pyloric ceca were grouped into a spongy-like structure. The liver displayed a clearly lobed structure. The pancreas, with a diffuse structure, was difficult to delimit macroscopically from a morphometric point of view. The gonads, at an early stage of development, were well individualized and covered by a thin layer of fat. The biometric analysis revealed uniform body development and a good physiological condition, typical of fish reared under controlled environmental parameters, confirming their efficient adaptation to intensive rearing conditions. The measurements revealed an average total length of 59.0 ± 0.4 cm and a mean body mass of 862.6 ± 24.9 g. The Fulton condition factor (K = 0.82) confirmed the overall healthy state of the specimens and their harmonious body growth. The digestive tract showed a mean stomach length of 13.1 ± 0.9 cm, an intestinal length of 22.9 ± 0.9 cm and a liver mass of 24.0 ± 1.0 g, indicating proportional organ development and a good nutritional status. The results highlight a normal morphological development and good physiological adaptation of Acipenser ruthenus to the conditions of recirculating aquaculture systems, confirming the strong biological, adaptive, and economic potential of this species in intensive aquaculture. The quantitative splanchnological data obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the internal morphology of the sterlet and represent a useful foundation for future research on growth physiology and aquaculture improvement in sturgeon species.
Comparative Study on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Different Juice Varieties
Orange juice is one of the most consumed natural beverages worldwide, due to its high content of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and aromatic substances. During the processes of extraction, transportation, storage, and packaging, the physicochemical properties of the juice play a crucial role in maintaining its quality and stability. Physico-chemical analyses represent an important stage in the quality control of food products. In the food industry, the quality of a product is not limited to its organoleptic appearance (taste, smell, color, texture), but is also defined by physico-chemical parameters such as pH, density, sugar content. The properties of liquids such as viscosity and surface tension are two fundamental parameters that influence fluid behavior, and in the case of orange juice, they contribute to pulp stability, the degree of homogenization, foaming, as well as the sensory perception of the product. The study of these quantities allows the characterization of orange juice as a complex, non-ideal fluid, with non-Newtonian behavior in some cases. In this work, 4 types of commercially purchased orange juice were analyzed and a comparison was made between the results obtained from them and those from natural orange juice. Five samples of orange juice were analyzed over three days, investigating parameters such as density, pH, sugar concentration, surface tension and viscosity. The results revealed significant changes in density and viscosity, correlated with composition and sugar concentration. Surface tension varied significantly between the five types of juice. In parallel, data obtained from a questionnaire on consumption preferences provided a complementary perspective on consumer behavior. The study highlights the importance of physico-chemical characterization of juices in order to choose products that have a lower sugar content and that help to properly hydrate the body.
Advanced Analytical Techniques Applied in Cow Milk Metabolomics
Milk metabolomics provides a comprehensive analysis of the biochemical content of cow's milk, revealing both the animal's physiological condition and the quality of the end product. Through the identification and quantification of low-molecular-weight metabolites, such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and organic acids, metabolomics enables the detection of biomarkers associated with mastitis, nutritional imbalances, and milk authenticity. The establishment of reliable metabolic profiles relies on advanced analytical techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This study synthesizes and critically reviews recent research on bovine milk metabolomics employing these state-of-the-art methodologies, aiming to elucidate the biochemical diversity and metabolic complexity underlying milk composition.
Food Quality Control for Sensitive Consumer Segments: Challenges and Approaches in Child Nutrition
Ensuring adequate food quality for sensitive consumer groups, particularly children, is a critical challenge in contemporary food science and public health. This review examines the main challenges associated with food quality control in pediatric nutrition, including microbiological hazards, allergen management, nutritional adequacy, and the regulatory frameworks governing food products intended for young consumers. This review shows that current monitoring systems present substantial limitations when applied to child-specific dietary patterns, including school meals, infant formula, and processed foods marketed to younger age groups, with fragmented regulatory harmonization across jurisdictions identified as the most critical systemic gap. Analysis of emerging technological approaches demonstrates that biosensor-based rapid detection systems and risk-based preventive control plans adapted for child-oriented food production show the greatest near-term potential for strengthening quality assurance. Furthermore, the integration of nutritional profiling with safety assessment proves essential, as quality in pediatric nutrition extends beyond hazard elimination to encompass the active promotion of optimal growth and cognitive development. The findings conclude that no single disciplinary approach is sufficient to address the complexity of food safety in this domain. A multidisciplinary, risk-informed framework bridging food technology, pediatric nutritional science, regulatory policy, and consumer education is necessary to strengthen food safety systems across the entire supply chain.
Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Concentrate: Bioactive Potential Against Bacterial Strains and Stored Product Insects
Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is a tropical fruit native to southern China and Southeast Asia, traditionally used not only as a food source but also in traditional Chinese medicine. Longan concentrate is a thick yellow brown to dark brown paste with a characteristic aroma, obtained by extraction of plant material using organic solvents. It contains a wide range of bioactive compounds responsible for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of longan concentrate against selected bacterial strains and its insecticidal activity against two beetle species infesting stored products. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method and by assessing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50 and MIC90) against six bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus CCM 2010, Enterobacter aerogenes CCM 2531, Klebsiella pneumoniae CCM 2318, Listeria innocua CCM 4030, Staphylococcus epidermidis CCM 4418, and Citrobacter koseri CCM 2535. An antibiotic disc (ABT) was used as a positive control. Insecticidal activity was evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus and Megabruchidius dorsalis at concentrations ranging from 3.125 % to 100 %. Disc diffusion results showed inhibition zones ranging from 7.67 to 13.67 mm, with the strongest activity observed against S. epidermidis (13.67 mm) and L. innocua (12.67 mm). MIC50 values ranged from 0.188 mg/mL (S. epidermidis) to 2.472 mg/mL (C. koseri), while MIC90 values ranged from 0.468 mg/mL (S. epidermidis) to 3.461 mg/mL (C. koseri). At the highest concentration (100 %), insecticidal activity reached 95.67 % mortality for C. maculatus and 88.67 % for M. dorsalis. Longan concentrate exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, as well as significant insecticidal effects against both tested beetle species. These findings suggest its potential as a natural alternative for the protection of stored food commodities.
Green Plum (Prunus mume) Concentrate: Antimicrobial and Fumigant Insecticidal Bioactivity Against Food-Relevant Bacteria and Stored Product Beetles
Green plum (Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.) is a fruit-bearing tree of the family Rosaceae, deeply rooted in East Asian culinary and medicinal traditions, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. Green plum concentrate is a thick yellow brown to dark brown paste with a characteristic aroma, obtained by solvent extraction of the fruit. Its complex composition of bioactive compounds has attracted increasing scientific interest for natural antimicrobial and insecticidal applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of green plum concentrate against selected bacterial strains and its insecticidal activity against two beetle species infesting stored products. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method and by assessing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50 and MIC90) against six bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus CCM 2010, Enterobacter aerogenes CCM 2531, Klebsiella pneumoniae CCM 2318, Listeria innocua CCM 4030, Staphylococcus epidermidis CCM 4418, and Citrobacter koseri CCM 2535. An antibiotic disc (ABT) was used as a positive control. Insecticidal activity was evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus and Megabruchidius dorsalis at concentrations ranging from 3.125 % to 100 %. Disc diffusion results showed inhibition zones ranging from 7.67 to 13.33 mm, with the strongest activity observed against L. innocua (13.33 mm) and S. epidermidis (12.33 mm). MIC50 values ranged from 1.435 mg/mL (S. epidermidis) to 4.661 mg/mL (C. koseri), while MIC90 values ranged from 2.382 mg/mL (S. epidermidis) to 5.862 mg/mL (C. koseri). At the highest concentration (100 %), insecticidal activity reached 96.67 % mortality for C. maculatus and 92.00 % for M. dorsalis. Green plum concentrate showed moderate antimicrobial activity, with the most pronounced effects against Gram-positive bacteria, alongside strong insecticidal efficacy against both tested beetle species. These findings highlight its potential as a plant-derived bioactive extract for food protection applications.
The Phytopharmaceutical Properties of Six Vegetal and Ruderal Weed Species - A Review
Currently, the market for supplements and natural remedies in our country is constantly expanding. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a rise in public concern about improving and maintaining overall health, and topics such as prevention, early treatment, integrative medicine, and promoting longevity are attracting an increasing interest. Typically associated with a healthy lifestyle, proper stress management, promoting quality interpersonal connections, and spending time in nature, these biotechnological products have proven their therapeutic value over time, through their special biochemical properties and antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, or antitumor effects, addressing a wide range of conditions, such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, diabetes, autoimmune diseases or even oncological conditions. This manuscript aims to highlight and explore the distinguished phytopharmaceutical properties of six species that are less known in Europe for their qualities and uses. These plants: Xantium strumarium, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Artium lappa, Agropyron repens and Capsella bursa-pastoris, are mainly known as segetal and ruderal species. They are part of four different botanical families, but share a remarkable biochemical potential, including the possibility to be used in various natural remedies, as well as in preparations and pharmaceutical products characteristic for classical medicine.
Genome-guided Profiling of Functional Potential in Bacillus licheniformis Toward Feed and Industrial Applications
Interest in probiotic strains with functional characteristics that can support zootechnical health, improve production performance, enable the development of feed additives, and facilitate the discovery of novel bioactive molecules is steadily increasing. However, strains belonging to the same species can exhibit substantial genomic variability. This translates into significant differences in functional potential. In this context, genome-based prospecting represents a powerful strategy for the rapid identification of strains with desirable traits. This includes secretion capacity, production of hydrolytic enzymes, and antimicrobial activity, while simultaneously ensuring the absence of transferable antimicrobial resistance determinants. Such an approach enables early-stage screening and prioritization of candidate strains, reducing the need for extensive experimental testing on unsuitable isolates. From a practical perspective, this strategy can significantly accelerate strain selection pipelines in feed and industrial biotechnology by focusing experimental efforts only on high-potential candidates. This leads to reduced costs, shorter development timelines, and increased efficiency in identifying strains suitable for probiotic applications or enzyme production. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrate that genome-guided analysis of Bacillus licheniformis can reliably predict key functional traits, including enzymatic potential, antimicrobial activity and some safety-related features. Current approach represents a critical first step toward the rational development of microbial strains and provides a robust foundation for subsequent in-depth functional and in vivo validation studies.
Phytonutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Some Fruit Tree Leaves
Fruit tree leaves are increasingly gaining attention in the context of the circular economy and the valorization of unconventional nutrient sources. Current research focuses on identifying valuable nutrient sources to supplement monogastric diets. Fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves and black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leaves offer an alternative for this purpose. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of these unconventional materials for potential application in monogastric nutrition. The proximate composition, mineral content, total polyphenols, xanthophylls and tocopherols and antioxidant activity (DPPH method) were determined. The results indicated that fig leaves had significant concentrations of crude protein and ash, while black mulberry leaves were rich in crude fiber and fat. Additionally, black mulberry leaves contained twice the amount of iron and higher levels of tocopherols compared to fig leaves. Conversely, fig leaves were richer in xanthophylls than mulberry leaves. The analysis of the polyphenolic profile identified 19 different compounds, with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin being the dominant compounds in fig leaves (5.92 mg/g). In contrast, chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid were the most abundant in mulberry leaves (7.99 mg/g). The DPPH assay revealed that mulberry leaves had a higher antioxidant capacity through free radical scavenging compared to fig leaves. Overall, the results demonstrate that black mulberry leaves could be a valuable source of phytonutrients with strong antioxidant activity, with potential use in monogastric nutrition.
Effects of Aluminum Exposure and Involvement of Tor1 Signaling on Cell Cycle Regulation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Yeast cells are used as a model organism for determining biological and molecular mechanisms that control responses to environmental stress, such as heavy metals, as they share high similarity with higher eukaryotic organisms, including animals and humans. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of AlCl3 toxicity on wild-type and Target of Rapamycin knockout (ΔTor1) strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe growth and cell cycle to explore the likely roles of the Tor1 signaling pathway in mediating Al toxicity. The growth of yeast cells was assessed through measuring cell density in media with serially increasing concentrations of AlCl3 in culture media at 3 h intervals. Yeast cells were cultured in liquid media containing 0, 750, and 1500 µM of AlCl3 for 3 and 6 h. Increasing concentrations of AlCl3 reduced the growth rate of both wild type and ΔTor1 strains in the same pattern; however ΔTor1 strain grew better in solid media at high AlCl3 concentration. The expression of the cdc2 gene was higher in ΔTor1 compared to wild type. The results of the current work demonstrate the likely involvement of the Tor1 signaling pathway in Al-induced effects on S. pombe cell cycle regulation.
The Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Recent Years in the New Geographical Regions of the World and in New Species
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 dominated the global epidemiological picture between 2004-2006. The carriers of the flu are migratory birds; the virus being located in the intestines of birds. The H5N1 subtype is extremely contagious for birds. It does not normally affect humans, but since 1997 there have been cases of transmission of the virus to humans, most of whom have had direct contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated with H5N1. The H5N1 virus was first isolated in 1996 on a goose farm in the Guangdong region of China, and since 1997 this type of infection has been reported in humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, also known as "bird flu", has led to the death of hundreds of millions of birds globally in recent years. Its spread to humans and other mammal species, including cattle and pigs in the United States. Between 2023 and early 2025, the world experienced a sustained and unprecedented panzootic evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b). This period was marked by the spread of the virus to new geographic regions—including Antarctica and South America—a significant increase in infections among mammals and sporadic cases in humans, which raised concerns among health officials.
Eradication of Dermanyssus gallinae in Industrial Poultry Production
The multi-decade increases in the prevalence of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry production, together with all its harmful consequences, is the best indicator of the ineffectiveness of the control measures implemented to date. This experience should serve as a call to re-evaluate the current approach to the control of D. gallinae. In order to halt and subsequently reverse this negative trend, the primary objective of control, instead of suppression, should be the elimination—eradication—of D. gallinae from industrial facilities and farms. Eradication of D. gallinae is a demanding and conditional, yet feasible, health- and environmentally justified and economically most cost-effective procedure. Under certain conditions, it can be achieved using acaricides, SiO₂, inert oils, and/or their combinations. However, the possibility of eradicating D. gallinae has not been accepted to date. The strictest criterion for evaluating eradication success has been established, namely that during regular inspections not a single D. gallinae specimen may be detected for at least one year after completion of the control program and restocking of the flock. Under these criteria, the presented study results unequivocally confirm the possibility of eradicating D. gallinae from production facilities and farms.
Gastrointestinal Helminths of Small Ruminants in Banat (Vojvodina, North Serbia)
During our study performed in Vojvodina in period from 2011 to 2015, we collected fecal samples from more than 157 herds of small ruminants, totaling over 1,700 animals. Examination was performed using standard coprological technique. During this five years 374 sheep and goats we were examined by post-mortem examination. Determination of adult parasites and eggs of parasites were done by morphological characteristic. During post mortem examination we occurred: Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta in 92.23% of animals, O.ostertagi (31.33%), O.ocidentalis (12.33%), Trichostrongylus axei (98.60%), T. colubriformis (91.57%), Nematodirus spathiger (100.00%), N. filicollis (22.31%), Haemonchus contortus (89.95%), Marshallagia marshalli (31.77%), Skrjabinema ovis (11.28%), Bunostomum trigonocephalum (15.28%), Chabertia ovina (69.14%), Oesophagostomum venulosum (24.39%), Cooperia curticei (50.52%), C. oncophora (7.29%) and C. punctata (2.26%). The intensity of infection and polyparasitsm was monitored in relation to the age of sheep and goats. It was found that in younger animals’ intensity of infection was lower than that of older animals. At the beginning of our research, conducted in March, the real extent of gastrointestinal infections strongilidae was 83.33%, after which he soon reached a level of 100% in the same way and moved to the end of follow-up period.
Selective Removal of Chlorinated Impurities from (R)-Carvone Using an Industrial Alkaline Sulfite Process
Chlorinated impurities present in crude (R)-Carvone, (C10H14O), preferred IUPAC name 2-Methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl) cyclohex-2-en-1-one, resulted in chemical synthesis, represent a significant challenge for its utilization, as they may compromise product stability, safety and applicability in food, fragrance and pharmaceutical formulations. This study presents an industrial validated process, for the selective removal of chlorinated compounds, using an alkaline sulfite system, under moderate reaction conditions. The method employs a biphasic mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), isopropanol (C3H8O) and controlled acetic acid (C2H4O2) addition, in a stirred reactor, equipped with reflux and solvent recovery units, followed by solvent distillation and recycling steps. Process operates at temperatures between 60 and 900C and includes a closed loop recycling stage, which improves reagent utilization and reduces waste generation. The proposed approached enables efficient conversion and removal of chlorinated terpene impurities, while preserving the structural integrity of the targeted ketone. The integration of reaction and purification in a single industrial unit, combined with solvent recovery and neutralization stages, provides a scalable and economically attractive solution for the production of hi purity (R)-Carvone. This work demonstrates a practical and selective dichlorination strategy suitable for large scale terpene processing.
Investigations on the Administration of the Dietary Supplement Diavit in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus
Canine diabetes mellitus is a frequent endocrinopathy associated with chronic hyperglycemia, metabolic imbalance, and secondary hepatic, pancreatic, and renal disturbances. The present study evaluated the clinical and paraclinical effects of adjunctive administration of Diavit in dogs diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ten adult dogs (5 males, 5 females), aged 4–16 years, were included. All animals received insulin therapy, dietary management, and oral supplementation with Diavit for 30 days. Hematological, biochemical, glycemic, fructosamine, and ultrasonographic assessments were performed before and after supplementation. Mild reductions in erythrocyte indices and significant leukocyte differences between sexes were identified. Hepatic enzymes were increased in several dogs, suggesting associated hepatopathy. Mean serum glucose decreased from 198.6 to 171.6 mg/dL in males and from 204.5 to 164.9 mg/dL in females after treatment. Fructosamine concentrations also declined significantly within groups (p<0.05). Ultrasonography revealed pancreatic and gastrointestinal abnormalities in selected cases. The results suggest that Diavit may provide beneficial adjunctive metabolic support in diabetic dogs when combined with standard insulin therapy.
Cardiovascular Evaluation in Sport Horses using Elerctrocardiography, Blood Pressure and Cardiac Troponin T
The continuous development of equestrian sports in Romania has increased interest in the medical monitoring of horses involved in competitive activities. In this context, the warmblood population represents one of the main genetic resources used in show jumping and other equestrian disciplines. Repeated physical exertion induces physiological cardiovascular adaptations; however, in certain individuals it may also promote transient functional disturbances or processes of myocardial overload. The present study aimed to provide an integrated evaluation of the cardiovascular response to exercise through electrocardiography, arterial blood pressure assessment, and cardiac troponin T measurement. Six adult sport horse individuals were examined at rest, immediately after a standardized exercise protocol, and after 10 minutes of recovery. The results revealed post-exercise sinus tachycardia, variable heart rate recovery, marked increases in systolic blood pressure, and mild changes in the amplitude of electrocardiographic complexes. Cardiac troponin T increased from 2.818 pg/mL before exercise to 3.062 pg/mL after exercise, without statistical significance (p>0.05). These findings highlight the value of integrated cardiovascular monitoring for the assessment of exercise adaptation and the early identification of exercise-associated cardiovascular stress in Sport Horses.
First documented feeding interaction between the agricultural pest insect Oulema melanopus and the invasive weed species Eriochloa villosa
Oulema melanopus is a widespread agricultural pest insect that causes significant yield losses in cereal crops because of leaf damage during its larval stages. Infestations are unpredictable and sporadic, and research shows it can reliably feed on Poaceae family weeds, as well. In this paper we describe the first observed feeding interaction between O. melanopus and Eriochloa villosa, an East Asian weed that became a relevant invasive species in North America and Europe, especially due to its competitive nature and resulting yield losses within crops such as maize and soybeans. In June 2024, O. melanopus adults were observed to intensively feed on E. villosa, leaving typical elongated slits on most plant individuals grown in untreated experimental pots. We describe the resulting injuries in detail and discuss the relevance of the timing, as this occurred before surrounding cereal fields were harvested, and thus these individuals were most likely not forcefully displaced from their main hosts. We also discuss the importance of reporting interspecific interactions officially through scientific outlets due to the potential aid in creating better management strategies and prevention programs for invasive species and problematic pests, while also providing relevant ecological insights on their adaptability and interaction dynamics for further studies.
Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata) and its Use in Scientific Research - a Short Narrative Review
For many years, the Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) has been a new model organism in the family of laboratory animals used especially in the field of behavioural ecology and evolutionary biology. This short narrative review is trying to summarize some of the guppy fish uses, from its early discovery and its use as an aquarium pet fish to modern specialized use as a laboratory animal in various applications. This review-type study highlights important advances in our knowledge of life-history evolution under diverse pressure from predators and partner selection, particularly the complex interaction between the use of males as ornamental fish and the use of females for their reproductive capabilities. The paper also discusses the specie’s significance in genomic and ecotoxicology studies, where its short period of time between new generations and environmental sensitivity, can offer precious information for tracking aquatic health status. This overview shows the guppy fish continued status as a flexible tool for answering basic biological issues by combining these several research streams.
Preliminary Spatial Assessment of the Relationship Between Artificial Releases and the Current Distribution of the Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix L.) in Hungary
The Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix L.) has suffered a long-term decline across Europe, with population reinforcement through captive-bred releases becoming a widespread management tool. In Hungary, the ecological role and spatial consequences of such practices remain insufficiently documented. This study presents a preliminary spatial assessment of the relationship between artificial release sites and the present distribution of P. perdix. Locations of past and recent releases were georeferenced and compared with verified occurrence records from the Magyar Madártani és Természetvédelmi Egyesület (MME – Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society). Spatial overlay and basic density analyses in QGIS revealed a notable geographic overlap between release areas and recent observations. A moderate positive correlation between the two datasets suggests that artificial releases may considerably shape the current pattern of free-ranging populations. These findings, while preliminary, highlight the need for more detailed temporal and ecological analyses to clarify the contribution of reintroduced individuals to the persistence of wild populations. The results provide a foundation for future quantitative studies and management evaluation in Hungarian agricultural landscapes.
Behavioral and Technological Approaches for Assessing Thermal Stress Adaptation in Laying Hens
This review summarizes the various methods used to evaluate poultry behaviour under thermal stress, highlighting their importance for improving animal welfare, production performance, product quality, and environmental management. An extensive literature search was carried out on laying hens, thermal stress, and welfare-related aspects, emphasizing behavioural indicators, physiological responses, production traits, and management factors associated with adaptation to severe thermal conditions. Several observational methods were evaluated, including naturalistic observation, photographic documentation, continuous monitoring, time sampling, and focal animal studies. Infrared thermography was pointing out for its non-invasive technique to monitor body temperature. It is mandatory to consider the detailed observation of hens' behaviour as key to early stress identification to enable effective strategies to minimize the economic impact for farmers. Despite their high costs and technological challenges, modern technologies for monitoring, recording, and assessing poultry behaviours are essential for an efficient farm management, as they contribute to the prevention of production losses and facilitate timely interventions by farmers.
Obtaining and Targeted Breeding of High-performance Dairy Cows Utilizing Advanced Technology
As a result of individual customized pair selection, the genetic potential for milk productivity of daughters of the bull with property number Agadis AB 1217 was 10,000 kg of milk, with the main selection traits being milk fat + milk protein at 743 kg. Meanwhile, the genetic potential for milk productivity of daughters of the bull with property number Lolis AB 121723 was 9,702 kg of milk and 720 kg (milk fat + milk protein), respectively. The daughters of bull Lolis AB 121723 showed a genetic potential of 9,702 kg milk and 720 kg combined milk fat and protein. The heifers born from the pairing and raised with advanced technology reached Live weight of 477 kg at the age of 18 months which is 23 kg (or 4.6%) below the first-class breed standard requirement. The linear growth data demonstrates the development of well-proportioned body formation in heifers. The coefficient of variation (cv) of 3, 6, and 12 months of age is between 0.6-1.9 %. These findings demonstrate weight uniformity in heifers across all studied age groups, indicating genotypic consistency and homogeneity in animals produced through heterogeneous pair selection and reared using advanced technologies. These traits represent crucial applied and prospective components for selection programs and genetic improvement complexes.
Effects of Birth Type, Genotype and Nutritional Management on Growth Performance of Female Lambs
The present study evaluated the growth dynamics of female lambs of the Tsigai breed (rusty variety) and triracial crossbreds (50% Suffolk × 37.5% German Blackface × 12.5% Tsigai) from birth to 8.5 months under controlled management conditions. A total of 124 female lambs were allocated into four groups according to breed and birth type: twin Tsigai (L1, n = 18), single Tsigai (L2, n = 62), twin crossbred (L3, n = 11), and single crossbred (L4, n = 33). Body weights were recorded at birth, at weaning, at 7 months, and at 8.5 months, and both total weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) were calculated. During the first two periods (pre-weaning and post-weaning up to 7 months), all lambs were fed identical rations. In the final period (7–8.5 months), the twin Tsigai females received a modified concentrate diet containing yeast. Twin Tsigai females exhibited the lowest ADG during both the pre-weaning (187.51 g/day) and post-weaning periods (92.97 g/day), but the highest ADG in the final period (153.44 g/day). These findings highlight the importance of implementing targeted nutritional strategies for lambs with lower initial growth potential, particularly in order to improve performance during later developmental stages.
Effect of Dietary Dried Thyme Leaves Supplementation on Performance of Lactating Goats
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is considered a promising natural dietary supplement that can enhance animal health and overall productivity due to its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dried thyme leaves on the lactation performance of Saanen/Florida goats (crossbreed) and the chemical composition of the milk. Sixteen multiparous lactating goats were divided into two treatment groups (experimental and control) after 60 days of parturition, and monitored during a critical lactation period. Concentrate mixture was offered to animals of both groups, as well as alfalfa hay and wheat straw according to their nutritional needs. The experimental animals were fed the control ration plus 6 g thyme leaves/kg of concentrate mixture. The total duration of feeding experiment was 56 days and there were no differences in feed intake between the treatments. The analysis of the results showed that, regarding the milk yield, there was no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups (P>0.05). Milk fat content from experimental groups was significant lower (P<0.05), while the diets supplemented with thyme promoted milk protein and solid-not-fat contents throughout the feeding trial (P<0.05). Dietary dried thyme leaves supplementation, at level 6 g/kg concentrate feed, in isonitrogenous and iso (net energy) energetic diets for lactating goats did not affect their performance, increasing milk protein and solid-not-fat content, but decreasing milk fat content.
Physical and Technical Wool Traits of Mazekh Sheep Breed
Mazekh sheep are raised in different regions of the Republic of Armenia, including farms in Qanaqeravan (Kotayk region, at 1250 m above sea level) and Koghb (Tavush region, at 750 m above sea level). Their wool is coarse and composed of different fibre fractions, including fluff, awn, and dead hair. The annual greasy fleece weight of rams ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 kg, while selective breeding increased ewe fleece weight up to 3.0 kg. The yield of washed wool varied from 56.77% to 76.84% across sex and age groups. The fractional composition of fleece showed variability, with fluff, awn, and dead hair accounting for approximately 26.5–33.1%, 32.3–39.5%, and 28.6–50.0%, respectively. Wool fibre diameter ranged from 24.7 to 51.6 µm depending on fibre type and sex group. Wool fibre strength was below the optimal level for coarse-wool breeds, with breaking length values of 8.84–8.94 km. Overall, Mazekh sheep retain the characteristics of a coarse-wool, fat-tailed local breed; however, changes in wool structure are observed, including variation in fibre composition, reduced fibre strength, and moderate fleece productivity. These changes are likely associated with long-term crossbreeding and environmental influences, indicating the need for targeted selection and improved management practices.
The Impact of Heat Stress on Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens – Phyto-therapeutic Perspectives
One of the most significant challenges facing modern poultry farming is heat stress, a phenomenon that is becoming increasingly prevalent due to climate change. Exposure to high temperatures in broiler chickens disrupts intestinal homeostasis, leading to microbiological, structural, and functional changes that affect both growth performance and welfare. Oxidative stress induced by heat stress increases intestinal permeability and alters the morphology of intestinal villi, thereby compromising the integrity of the intestinal barrier and promoting the onset of an inflammatory response mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. A complementary strategy to mitigate the effects of high temperatures involves the use of phytogenic compounds, as they are credited with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. Phyto-therapeutic interventions contribute to improving the antioxidant system, restoring intestinal morphology, and stabilizing the gut microbiota, with the ultimate effect being improved nutrient absorption. This paper aims to synthesize current information regarding the impact of heat stress on intestinal physiology and to highlight the role of phytotherapy as an effective strategy for maintaining intestinal health.
Effect of Dietary Basil Essential Oil Supplementation on Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens
This study aimed at investigating the effect of dietary supplementation with basil essential oil (BEO, Ocimum basilicum L.) on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 30 ISA Brown laying hens, 25 weeks of age, were allocated to three experimental groups/treatments, with 10 hens per group. They were housed in 5 cages (replicates) per treatment, with 2 hens per cage, and were fed a fixed amount of feed (mixed-form concentrated feed mixture, 120 g/hen/day). Basil essential oil (BEO) was added to the feed at inclusion levels of 0, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg for treatments BEO0 (control), BEO1000, and BEO2000, respectively. The trial lasted 8 weeks (56 days). Across the experimental period, basil essential oil did not affect feed intake, egg production (0.953 eggs/hen/day), abnormal egg production, egg weight, egg mass, or feed conversion (2.10 g feed/g egg mass) (P>0.05). However, higher dietary levels up to 2000 mg/kg reduced shell weight (6.23 g vs. 5.85 g), shell thickness (0.39 mm vs. 0.35 mm), yolk diameter, and albumen diameter (P<0.05), while improving, albumen index (16.14 vs. 19.84, P<0.001), and Haugh units (104.29 vs. 110.46, P=0.001). Other egg quality characteristics were not affected (P>0.05).
The Influence of Climate Change on the Foraging Behavior of Bees and the Quality of Apicultural Products: A Review
Climate change has a significant impact on ecosystems, and honey bees (Apis mellifera), responsible for pollination and maintaining biodiversity, are among the most affected species. Changes in climatic factors directly affect the behavior of foraging bees. These changes influence the relationship between the flight period and the flowering period of plants, thus leading to a decrease in the efficiency of nectar and pollen collection. Due to thermal stress and reduced floral resources, the structure of bee colonies and their ability to maintain constant production are affected. Consequently, the quality of bee products: honey, pollen, propolis, bee venom, and royal jelly, undergoes changes in terms of their physicochemical composition. As a result, honey may exhibit variations in its sugar content, moisture levels, and volatile compounds, pollen tends to be lower in nutrients, while propolis may change its phytochemical composition. In addition to the impact on the dynamics of bee colonies, climate change also influences the spread of various diseases and parasites, such as Varroa destructor and Nosema spp., which significantly impact bees longevity and brood development. In this paper, we aim to highlight the negative impact that climate change can have on worker bees, as well as the potential changes in the quality of apicultural products.
Random Regression Model for Estimation the Genetic Parameters for Growth Traits in Charolais Breed
The aim of this study was the estimation the genetic parameters with random regression model for growth traits in Charolais cattle breed. The records were the body weight at birth, 200 and 365 days. The pedigree consisted in 2213 cattle: 159 sires, 1025 dams and 1029 cattle with records. The data were from Romanian Breeding Association for beef cattle. The mean for birth weight was 40.297±0.202 kg, for weaning weight was 220.287±1.296 kg, and the mean for weight at 365 days was 330.275±2.097 kg. The heritability for the birth weight and body weight at 200 and 365 days was 0.244, 0.519, 0.561. The genetic correlations between body weight at 1, 200 and 365 days were positive. The random regression model was adequate to estimate the genetic parameters for growth traits in Charolais beef cattle breed. For increase the profitability of farms it is necessary to improve the growth traits.
Research on Carcass Examination in the Slaughterhouse of Different Cattle Breeds
The slaughter of cattle involves a sequence of operations such as stunning, bleeding, skinning, evisceration and cutting. The carcass and the organs accompanying the animal must be subjected to a post-mortem inspection immediately after slaughter. Depending on the result of the examination of the organs, the carcass can be examined superficially or in detail, so that it can be assessed whether the changes that occurred in the organs had repercussions on the carcass or not. The organs are examined taking into account the following aspects: the covering serosa, the parenchyma itself and the adjacent lymphocenters. The actual examination of the carcass is usually carried out by inspection - overall and in detail and palpation. The primary examination of organs and carcasses in cutting units is carried out by macroscopic methods - such as inspection, palpation and sectioning. If deemed necessary, additional examinations are carried out, such as palpation and incision of certain parts of the carcass and edible organs, as well as laboratory testing to diagnose or confirm a certain pathology, bacterial infection, or the presence of certain residues above the permitted limits. All these operations are carried out taking into account the legislation in force, regarding both the actual slaughter and ensuring the well-being of the cattle, from transport to the resting period before slaughter.
Research on the Impact of Welfare on Productive Performance in Pigs
Animal welfare, including that of pigs, is a matter of general interest and is a branch of veterinary medicine that aims to study the individual condition of animals, as a result of their attempt to adapt to the environment they live in. Public health, food safety and consumer protection are some of the implications of welfare. The study of welfare also has implications for the design of new pig breeding and exploitation systems, as well as for the improvement of existing systems. Welfare assessment is carried out by observing the animals in their living conditions, during feeding and watering, during rising from recumbency and adopting recumbency, defecation and urination, and skin condition. Also, the welfare of pigs at the farm level can be assessed based on behavioural indicators, on the basis of integrative systems and HACCP systems. The welfare of pigs is ensured both at the shelter level, namely the microclimate conditions, the area allocated to each individual in the shelter, the feeding area, care and maintenance, as well as during transport and stay in the slaughterhouse, until stunning. In our country, ANSVSA is the one that manages the welfare of pigs, but also of other animals.
Analysis of the Influence of Meteorological Factors on Honey Bee Colonies During the Overwintering Period
Honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) are a fundamental component of ecosystems in Romania, their development being significantly influenced by meteorological conditions both during the active season and throughout the overwintering period. The present study aims to assess the impact of key meteorological factors on honey bee colonies, based on data collected using BeeConn smart monitoring systems. The research was conducted between November 25, 2025, and March 1, 2026, corresponding to the cold season, within the apiary of the University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” of Timișoara. Environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, UV radiation, and precipitation, recorded by the BeeConn systems, were monitored alongside biological indicators including hive weight, food reserves, and bee mortality. The results highlight significant correlations between meteorological conditions and the overwintering performance of honey bee colonies. The study emphasizes the important role of digital monitoring technologies in apiculture and contributes to the advancement of precision beekeeping practices.
Current Status and Perspectives of Mangalitsa Pig Breeding in Romania
The present paper reports an applied study on the rearing of the indigenous Mangalitsa breed under the semi-free farm conditions of Pâncota, Arad County, a representative nucleus for the revitalization of this valuable genetic resource. The research focused on the morphological traits and reproductive performance of Mangalitsa sows and boars, emphasizing how management and feeding factors influence body development and productive yields. Experimental data were obtained through standardized body measurements (withers height, chest depth, body length, chest and shank girth) and by monitoring reproductive indices (number of piglets per farrowing, survival to weaning, growth rate). The study population comprised 100 sows and 10 boars, raised under semi-free conditions and fed a mixed diet based on cereals, vegetable by-products, fresh alfalfa, and locally available resources. The results show that Mangalitsa sows display a rustic conformation, with medium stature (65–75 cm) and a chest girth of 120–140 cm, parameters associated with good adaptation to extensive systems and a moderate reproductive capacity (5–6 piglets per farrowing). Their growth rate is slower compared with commercial breeds, with an average gain of about 10 kg per month, but this is offset by the superior meat quality, characterized by high marbling and premium gastronomic value. The study highlights the importance of the conservation and sustainable use of the Mangalitsa breed in the current context of organic farming and the growing demand for traditional products. The findings support the view that this breed can become a strategic component in diversifying Romania’s livestock production, while contributing to the preservation of indigenous genetic heritage and to sustainable rural development.
Relationships Between Productive and Reproductive Traits in Maramureș Brown Breed from Subcarpathian Area of Romania
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between productive and reproductive traits in Maramureș Brown breed raised in sub-Carpathian farms from Romania. The research was based on productive and reproductive records collected between 2017 and 2023 from farms located in Argeș, Dâmbovița and Prahova counties. A total of 1,150 valid individual records were included in the final statistical analysis. The analysed productive traits included milk yield standardized to 305 days, fat percentage, protein percentage, EBV milk and EBV fitness, while the reproductive traits included age at first calving, services per conception and calving interval. The average milk yield recorded in the analysed population was 5,539.55 kg, while the mean calving interval was 387.58 days. Weak negative correlations were identified between milk production and reproductive traits, suggesting that higher productive levels were not clearly associated with reduced fertility under the studied farming conditions. A moderate positive correlation was observed between milk yield and EBV milk (r = 0.404). The obtained results suggest that Maramureș Brown breed from may maintain a relatively balanced productive-reproductive profile under semi-intensive farming systems specific to subcarpathian area of Romania.
Alternative Feed Sources in Response to Climate Change and Their Impact on Milk Production in Dairy Cows
Climate change and the increasing frequency of droughts over recent decades have significantly affected the availability of traditional forage crops in Central and Eastern Europe, leading to higher production costs and reduced profitability of dairy farms. In this context, the volatility of imported raw material prices and the instability of conventional forage supply make it necessary to diversify feeding sources by exploiting alternative ingredients with local availability and demonstrated nutritional value. This review critically analyses the nutritional potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) cake, pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L.) cake and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) meal, evaluating their effects on milk production and composition, dry matter intake and digestibility in dairy cows, as well as the economic implications of their integration into rations. Milk thistle cake is distinguished by its silymarin content, a flavonolignan complex with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties, with favourable effects on peripartum metabolic health and the improvement of milk composition. Pumpkin seed cake, rich in crude protein and unsaturated fatty acids, can completely replace soybean meal without negatively affecting productive performance, while also contributing to the improvement of the antioxidant status of animals. Linseed meal exerts the strongest documented effects on the lipid profile of milk, significantly enriching the omega-3 fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid fractions, with direct benefits for the nutritional value of milk and animal health. The integration of these agro-industrial by-products into dairy cow rations reduces dependence on volatile imported protein markets, valorises local resources within a circular economy framework and stabilises feed costs. The synthesis of available literature confirms the genuine nutritional and economic potential of these alternative sources, recommending them as viable solutions for milk production systems adapted to current climate challenges.
Study of Frequency of Scrapie Resistant Genotypes in Țurcană Breed
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by prions, which are pathological isoforms of normal proteins encoded by host organisms. The tests were performed on Țurcană breed sheep from a private farm in Sibiu County. Blood samples were taken from adult sheep and lambs born in 2021, and the next batch of samples was collected from 3-4-month-old lambs born in 2022. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein, on EDTA, in a quantity of 6 ml/animal, and refrigerated at 4°C for transport to the laboratory. The analysis was performed in the molecular genetics laboratory of DSVSA Sibiu and at the National Reference Laboratory for Animal Health and Diagnosis in Bucharest. Sheep are classified into five classes of scrapie resistance: highly resistant, resistant, low resistance, susceptible, and highly susceptible. In 2021, resistant lambs accounted for half of the tested population. Among adults, 57.07% were resistant to the disease, 32.59% were in the low resistance group, and 10.34% were susceptible and highly susceptible. In 2022, 50.77% of lambs tested for scrapie were included into the resistant groups and 49.23% into the low resistance, susceptible, and highly susceptible groups. For breeding, only resistant sheep from the first two groups should be used and only in exceptional cases, sheep with low resistance from the third group. We recommend testing for scrapie resistance at the first sign of the disease, selecting sheep according to genotype, and purchasing rams that have been tested and found to be highly resistant for breeding purposes.
Interbreed differences in Bovine semen quality characteristics before and after cryopreservation
The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the semen parameters in Holstein, Simmental and Limousin breeds before and after cryopreservation. Semen was collected from 5 bulls from each breed. The computer-assisted sperm analysis was used to evaluate the motility parameters including total and progressive motilities and secondary kinematic parameters including path velocity, linear velocity, curvilinear velocity, lateral amplitude of head displacement, beat cross frequency, straightness and linearity in fresh and post-thawing semen samples. Fresh semen parameters were not affected by the type of species, whereas there were some post-thawing differences in semen quality characteristics. Post-thawing total and progressive motilities were highest in Holstein semen followed by Simmental and Limousin breeds. Moreover, progressive velocity was highest, medium and lowest respectively in Holstein, Simmental and Limousin breeds. The results from the current demonstrate that the semen from Holstein as a dairy breed has more satisfactory quality characteristics comparing to other two breeds which can be critical in fertility and conception rate and the sperm cells of this breed are more resistant to cryopreservation comparing to Simmental and Limousin breeds. Further research to explore the underlying mechanisms controlling these superior quality parameters would be beneficial in acquiring strategies to reinforcement the strengths and mitigate the weaknesses.
Anovulation and Ovarian Cyst Conditions in Dairy Cattle
Infertility in postpartum dairy cows represents a significant challenge for farm profitability, with anovulation and ovarian cyst formation being among the primary contributing factors. Anovulation in cattle is broadly defined as the failure of ovulation to occur during the typical 21-day estrous cycle, a process that is critical for successful breeding and overall herd productivity. Ovarian cysts, a specific type of anovulatory condition, are characterized by the presence of ovarian structures that exceed 20 mm in diameter in the absence of a corpus luteum. These cystic structures may disrupt the normal hormonal balance, often leading to prolonged anestrous. There are key differences between anovulation and ovarian cysts: anovulation specifically refers to the inability of an ovarian follicle measuring less than 17 mm in diameter to release an oocyte. In contrast, ovarian cysts involve the failure of larger follicles (greater than 20 mm) to release an oocyte, with these structures persisting on the ovary for more than 10 days. Anovulation can manifest in three primary types: a) anovulation with follicular growth reaching only the emergence stage; b) anovulation with follicular growth reaching deviation, but failing to attain ovulatory size; c) anovulation with follicular growth reaching ovulatory size. In conclusion, while both anovulation and ovarian cysts negatively impact reproductive efficiency, they represent distinct disorders. Recognizing these subtle distinctions is critical for effective reproductive management. Promptly identifying and addressing the underlying causes of anovulation can lead to improved fertility outcomes within the herd, thereby contributing to greater overall efficiency of dairy cattle management. Anovulation is marked by a complete absence of ovulation, whereas ovarian cysts involve abnormal follicular or luteal structures that interfere with normal ovarian function and hormone regulation. Therefore, for optimal herd management, it is essential to distinguish between these conditions and to implement targeted interventions aimed at improving reproductive success and overall herd profitability.
Impact of Follicular Aspiration on Follicular Dynamics and Ovarian Function in Dairy Cattle
Follicular aspiration is a widely used technique in ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures for harvesting cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) and plays a significant role in controlling ovarian physiology in dairy cattle. Follicular development occurs in distinct waves, regulated by both endocrine and intra-ovarian mechanisms, which include follicle recruitment, selection, and dominance. When follicles, especially the dominant one, are removed through aspiration, this disrupts the natural sequence of events, leading to the emergence of a new follicular wave and changing the dynamics of follicle development. In this context, this review aims to evaluate the effects of follicular aspiration on follicular dynamics and ovarian function in dairy cattle, particularly focusing on its impact on follicular wave patterns, oocyte competence, and reproductive performance. Several factors influence the response to follicular aspiration, including the metabolic status of the dairy cattle, the stage of lactation, and intrinsic ovarian characteristics like antral follicle count. High-yielding dairy cattle may show altered responses due to endocrine imbalances related to negative energy balance, which can disrupt normal folliculogenesis. In conclusion, follicular aspiration is a valuable tool for controlling ovarian function; however, its application requires careful consideration of physiological and management-related factors.
Reproductive Performance in Sheep under Organic and Conventional Farming Systems
Reproductive performance in sheep represents a key element in the efficiency of production systems, being influenced by biological, nutritional, and management factors. This paper analyzes the essential aspects of reproductive performance in sheep under organic and conventional farming systems, with emphasis on fertility, fecundity, conception rate, prolificacy, and the seasonality of reproduction. The specific management and production characteristics of the two systems are examined, as well as the influence of nutrition and animal welfare on the main reproductive indicators. In addition, the comparative analysis of the two systems integrates the constraints and challenges specific to sheep farming under organic conditions, together with their practical implications. Finally, the advantages and limitations of both farming systems are highlighted, underlining the key factors that influence reproductive efficiency and the importance of proper management in improving farm performance.
Influence of Farming System on the Quality of Frozen Ram Semen Evaluated by the CASA System
In the current context of the implementation of strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the livestock sector, animal exploitation systems are analysed not only from the point of view of sustainability, but also of productive and reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of frozen semen from rams exploited in two different systems: permanent housing and grazing. Semen was collected from four rams (two in housing and two on pasture), and the quality of sperm after thawing was analysed using the CASA system. The results revealed significant differences between the frozen semen from rams maintained in the two exploitation systems, an important role, having environmental factors, nutrition and activity level that influence reproductive function. Statistical analysis of semen parameters revealed that rams exploited in stables presented significantly higher values of normal morphology compared to those raised on pastures (p=0.0015). Frozen sperm from rams exploited on pastures recorded significantly higher values of motility (p=0.0046) with an average of 10 ejaculates of 39.35% compared to 30.56% in the case of rams exploited in stables and increased nutrition, grazing system, characterized by a level of sperm motor variation, can favour the occurrence of certain morphological anomalies.
Economic Performance and Viability of Small-Scale Pig Farms in the Context of the Agro-Food Market
Small-scale pig farming plays a crucial role in rural economies by supporting food security, employment, and income diversification. However, these farms face increasing challenges due to rising input costs, market volatility, and competition from industrial producers. This study aims to evaluate the economic performance and viability of small-scale pig farms within the agro-food market. The research is based on a quantitative case study of a representative 100-head pig farm and employs key economic indicators, including total costs, gross margin, net profit, and profitability rate. A cost–benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted to assess the impact of feed cost fluctuations on farm performance. The results indicate that feed costs represent the dominant component of total production costs (over 60%), making profitability highly sensitive to input price changes. Under baseline conditions, the farm achieves a positive profitability rate of 13.8%, but a 20% increase in feed costs leads to negative economic outcomes. The findings demonstrate the high economic vulnerability of small-scale pig farms to feed price volatility and emphasize the necessity of adaptive cost management strategies and market-oriented diversification. The study concludes that while small-scale pig farms can remain viable, their sustainability depends on cost optimization, market integration, and diversification strategies. Policy support and improved access to short supply chains are essential for enhancing competitiveness in the agro-food sector.
Accounting Crises in the Food Sector during the COVID-19 Pandemic – Case Study
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a systemic crisis with profound implications for all economic sectors, including food, considered essential in the functional architecture of society. Although activities in the food industry continued largely during the period of restrictions, this sector was not immune to economic, financial and accounting dysfunctions. Sudden changes in supply and demand, disruptions in supply chains and widespread uncertainty have led food companies to operate in a climate characterized by instability, budgetary pressures and major difficulties in the financial reporting process. This paper analyzes the accounting crises that occurred in the food sector in the context of the pandemic, highlighting the regulatory, operational and strategic challenges.
Cultivation of the Species Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. in the Context of Climate Changes and Sustainable Development in Agriculture
Native to the American continent and part of the Hydrophyllaceae botanical family, Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. is an annual cultivated species that has become increasingly important in recent years in the current ecological context, marked by many evident climate changes. Known as the honey plant that "saves" honey production in difficult years when acacia harvesting productions present poor results, phacelia has recently attracted the attention of Romanian farmers due to its remarkable agrophytotechnical characteristics. These include the species high genetic resistance to extreme weather conditions (drought and even frost), resistance to diseases and weeds, short vegetation period and even its ability to contribute to soil improvement (specially when used as green manure). Also, due to its distinct characteristics, it can also be used as a fodder species with an extremely high degree of palatability, and from an ecological point of view, it actively contributes to the preservation and improvement of biodiversity. This study aims to explore the multiple uses of this valuable species, both from a honey and fodder perspective, as well as from the perspective of the agro-ecological advantages offered by its expansion in cultivation.
Post Emergence Control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Associated Weeds on Wheat Stubble Using Selected Herbicidal Active Substances
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is one of the most problematic invasive weed species in Europe due to its high competitiveness, prolific seed production, and negative effects on both agriculture and public health. Its control is particularly important on wheat stubble, where surviving plants may replenish the soil seed bank and increase infestation pressure in subsequent crops. This study evaluated the post-emergence efficacy of selected herbicidal active substances, with particular emphasis on halauxifen-methyl applied alone and in mixtures, against A. artemisiifolia and associated broadleaf weeds under field conditions in western Romania. Seven herbicide treatments and an untreated control were tested, and weed control was visually assessed at 21 and 42 days after application. Halauxifen-methyl applied alone showed moderate efficacy, with mean control values of 67.5% and 72.9%, whereas mixtures performed better, particularly fluroxypyr-meptyl + halauxifen-methyl + triclopyr-butoxyethyl, with 89.2% and 95.8%, and clopyralid + halauxifen-methyl, with 85.4% and 88.8%. Glyphosate-isopropylammonium provided the highest efficacy, reaching 97.5% and 100%. These findings indicate that halauxifen-methyl is more effective in mixtures than alone and support the use of herbicide combinations for more reliable and sustainable ragweed management on wheat stubble.
Influence of Nitrogen Application on the Yield and Quality of Barley and Triticale Feed Grains
Cereals are used in animal feed because of their high dry-matter yield and low production costs. Unfavourable environmental conditions contribute to these low cereal yields. Grain production can be enhanced by implementing various agronomic practices. One of the ways to boost yields is to apply fertilisers. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of different nitrogen doses on the yields and quality of barley and triticale in the central Bosnia&Herzegovina. A field experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science at Sarajevo, B&H. The treatments included two nitrogen doses (F1 and F2) and two cereal species (Barley and Triticale). The results demonstrated a significant influence of fertilisation and cereal species on both yield and quality. The barley yield ranged from 5.1 t ha-1 (F1) to 5.5 t ha-1 (F2), while the triticale yield varied from 5.0 t ha-1 (F1) to 5.5 t ha-1 (F2). Protein content was also notably affected by nitrogen application. Barley protein content ranged from 11.7% (F1) to 12.3% (F2). Triticale protein content ranged from 10.6% (F1) to 11.9% (F2). A strong positive correlation was observed between crude fibre and ash, while test weight showed strong negative correlation with ash and crude fibre content.
Evaluation of the Biodiversity of Epigenic Groups Depending on the Crops Grown
Research on the biodiversity of epigeic groups was carried out using ground traps at two locations, namely on arable land and in an apple orchard. The collection of biological material took place during 2024 from May to December. In each selected location, 8 collections were carried out, approximately at monthly intervals, with a total number of 1370 individuals collected, of which 783 specimens were collected on arable land and 587 in an apple orchard. The highest number of individuals in both locations was collected in the period from June to August. The species identity index according to Jaccard reached a value of 78.95%. The dominance index according to Renkonen was 70.94%. The diversity index according to Shannon – Weaver was on average 2.00532. The lower value (1.86065) was achieved by the arable land site, while the highest value (2.14999) was recorded in the apple orchard. Based on the above, it can be stated that the observed sites were generally similar in terms of diversity and achieved a high level of biodiversity in terms of stability.
Integrating Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Optimization in Biotechnological Processes: A Case Study on Microbial Fermentation
In recent years, biotechnology has evolved into a multidisciplinary field that integrates biology, engineering, and computational sciences to develop efficient and sustainable bioprocesses. The production of valuable compounds through microbial fermentation such as enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, or other secondary metabolites requires precise control over process parameters, including substrate concentration, nutrient balance, pH, temperature, and fermentation time. Optimizing microbial fermentation is essential for maximizing the yield of valuable compounds, but the complexity of these bioprocesses makes analytical solutions impractical. This paper presents an accessible framework for bioprocess improvement by integrating mathematical modelling with numerical optimization using Microsoft Excel’s Solver. Leveraging its powerful GRG Nonlinear and Evolutionary algorithms, a dynamic fermentation model was implemented to identify the most favourable process conditions including substrate concentration, pH, and temperature for enhanced metabolite production. This approach provides a versatile and user-friendly tool for researchers and students, enabling effective experimental design and data-driven decision-making in bioprocess engineering without requiring specialized programming knowledge.
Mathematical Modeling of Bacterial Growth Using Spline Interpolation and Nonlinear Models
Bacterial growth modeling is important in food biotechnology, agricultural microbiology, and veterinary medicine. Mathematical models allow estimation of biological parameters and optimization of fermentation processes. This study analyzes bacterial growth using optical density (OD600) measurements over time. Mathematical tools such as interpolation and growth parameter estimation were used to describe the dynamics of microbial biomass. Key biological parameters including growth rate, lag time, and doubling time were estimated from the experimental data. Optical density (OD600) measurements were recorded over a 20‑hour growth experiment. Interpolation was used to visualize the growth curve and numerical differentiation was used to estimate growth rate parameters. The estimated parameters are consistent with typical bacterial growth patterns observed in laboratory cultures. The interpolation curve provides a smooth visualization of biomass increase during the exponential phase and the stationary phase. Mathematical modeling provides a useful framework for analyzing microbial growth dynamics. The methods demonstrated here can be applied in biotechnology, food fermentation studies, and microbial ecology research.
Nutritional Management of Heat-Stressed Pregnant Dairy Cows
Rising global temperatures present an increasing challenge to dairy production, with heat stress during the dry period posing significant risks to cow health and subsequent lactation performance. While the impacts of heat stress on lactating cows are well documented, comparatively less attention has been given to pregnant, non-lactating animals. Evidence suggests that heat stress during late gestation can disrupt endocrine function, impair energy balance, and promote systemic inflammation, thereby affecting the transition period, early lactation performance, and overall productivity. The aim of this review is to synthesise and critically evaluate current knowledge on the physiological and metabolic responses of pregnant dairy cows to heat stress during the dry period, with particular emphasis on placental function, fetal development, and maternal metabolic adaptation. Special attention is given to nutritional strategies that may mitigate these effects, including the use of rumen-protected fats, antioxidants, and essential trace minerals such as chromium, as well as dietary formulation and feeding management. These interventions may improve thermoregulation, reduce inflammatory responses, and support metabolic resilience in heat-stressed cows. A better understanding of effective nutritional and management strategies during the dry period is essential for safeguarding cow welfare, improving productive longevity, and supporting sustainable dairy production under increasingly warm climatic conditions.
Sea Buckthorn By-Products – Valuable Feed Ingredients for Poultry Nutrition
Sea buckthorn, a bioactive and nutritional plant, rich in fat soluble vitamins (A, K, E), water soluble vitamins (C, B1, B2, folic acid), beneficial fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, tannins, organic acids, and amino acids, is cultivated especially for its juice obtained from fruits which have demonstrated beneficial properties for human health. Sea buckthorn meal is the principal by-product and can be successfully incorporated into poultry diets, as demonstrated by numerous in vivo studies on poultry. This review synthesizes studies investigating the effects of sea buckthorn components, by-products, and extracts in poultry, with particular emphasis on production performance (body weight, carcass traits, egg production, and egg quality), intestinal health, hypocholesterolemic effects, and improvements in egg yolk and meat color. Other beneficial effects regarding meat quality are n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids enrichment and delayed lipid oxidation. In conclusion, the available evidence indicates that sea buckthorn and its by-products can be considered functional ingredients with real benefits on the health of birds and the quality of the products obtained. They can be included in sustainable poultry production systems, oriented towards the valorization of natural resources.
Use of Oleoproteaginous Seeds as Protein Sources to Modulation the Broilers’ intestinal Microbiome
This study evaluates the effect of inclusion the oleoproteaginous seeds (flax, camelina and hemp) as protein alternative to soybean meal substitution in broiler diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the intestinal microbial populations and health status of broiler, for 42-day feeding trial (192, day-old Ross 308 chicks; 4 groups; 8 chick/replicate). For ten days, all groups received the same basal diet, and that, the experimental diet formulations were included: 6% flaxseed (E1), 10% camelina seeds (E2) and 15% hemp seeds (E3) compared to C diet. Prior to slaughter (42 days old of bird), the blood samples were aseptically collected to determine the biochemical analysis and caecal and intestinal content were collected for microbiological examination. The Lactobacillus population in the ileum was significantly higher (p = 0.008) in group E1 (7.94 lg10 CFU/g wet ileum content) compared to group C, with no notable differences observed among the other experimental groups. The serum protein profile was significantly lower (p = 0.008) for urea concentration in E2 (3.76 mg/dL) and E3 (3.75 mg/dL) compared to the C group (4.49 mg/dL). The AST concentrations for E1 was significantly higher compared to E3 group (74.47 U/L). Conversely, for alkaline phosphatase values, significantly lower results (p = 0.027) were observed for E1 (157.6 U/L) compared to C group (222.18 U/L) while the value for alanine transaminase (ALT) was significant higher (p<0.005) for E3 (45.59 U/L) group compared to C group (38.38 U/L). The addition of dietary oleoproteaginous seeds had a positive effect in limiting the development of the pathogenic bacteria only in the small intestine, thus, improving the microbial balance as flaxseed which increased the content of lactobacillus in the ileum, and camelina and hemp show distinct effects on biochemical profiles, indicating potential implications for broiler health.
Nutritional Value and Antioxidant Potential of Silkworm Pupae and Soybean in Broiler Diets
Efforts to reduce dependence on soy-based feed ingredients have increased the search for sustainable protein sources for poultry nutrition. Silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae, a byproduct of sericulture, represent a promising alternative due to their high nutritional value. This study compared whole-fat silkworm pupae and whole-fat soybeans in terms of chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and antioxidant status as a preliminary assessment of their potential use in broiler diets. On a dry matter basis, silkworm pupae contained higher crude protein (53.5% vs. 39.2%) and crude fat (25.8% vs. 20.1%) than soybean, whereas soybean showed higher ash (5.5% vs. 4.3%) and crude fibre (5.8% vs. 3.3%). Silkworm pupae also exhibited a more favourable fatty acid profile, with higher α-linolenic acid (30.46% vs. 5.37%) and total ω3 fatty acids (30.53% vs. 5.39%), resulting in a markedly lower ω6/ω3 ratio (0.19 vs. 9.53) (P < 0.001). Soybean contained higher linoleic acid, ω6 fatty acids, and total PUFA (P < 0.001). Water-soluble antioxidant capacity was higher in silkworm pupae, while other antioxidant parameters did not differ. Overall, silkworm pupae show strong potential as a sustainable alternative feed ingredient for broiler nutrition.
Overview of the Effects of Bee Pollen on the Intestinal Microbiota and Productive Performance in Broiler Chickens
Bee pollen is a natural substances which honeybees (Apis genus) produce, currently showing rising potential as feed additives for broiler chicken nutrition. The aim of the present overview is to summarise the recent studies about bee-derived product such as bee pollen and its chemical composition, effects on the gastrointestinal system, and the productive characteristics of broiler chicken during feed trials. Reviewed studies indicated that adding pollen at concentrations between 0.5% to 2 % (5 to 20 g/kg) in the diet offers a richness of protective bioactive compounds that exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory capacities together with natural multivitamin-rich contents found in bee pollen. Many studies from the literature illustrate how bee pollen supported intestinal health by improving the populations of beneficial bacteria, namely Lactobacillus populations and gut structures, favouring enhanced nutrient absorption. Different studies have been reported that dietary interventions showed positive effects on blood biochemical parameters, impacted growth performance as well as improved meat quality and feed conversion ratio. In conclusion, this review documented that bee pollen demonstrated beneficial potential as supplements in poultry nutrition, paving the way towards healthier meat production from broiler chicken, that prioritizes sustainable poultry farming.
The Inulin Functionality as a Prebiotic Used in Heat Stress Conditions in Broilers’ Diet on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microbiota, Blood Parameters and Intestinal Histomorphometry
O posibilă sursă alternativă la antibiotice ar putea fi utilizarea unor probiotice și prebiotice specifice, cum ar fi inulina. În acest studiu, am efectuat un studiu experimental de 42 de zile pe 75 de pui de carne ROSS 308 în vârstă de o zi, împărțiți în 3 grupe (CON NTC , CON HTS , INL HST ), câte 25 per grup, adăpostiți într-o hală experimentală cu condiții de mediu controlate, conform ghidului ROSS 308, pe sistem de creștere a găinilor cu așternut permanent. În timpul fazei de starter (zilele 1-10), toți puii au primit o dietă bazală convențională în condiții normale de temperatură. În fazele de creștere și îngrășare, puii de carne au fost alocați după cum urmează: CON NTC (dietă standard la temperatură normală); CON HST (dietă standard în condiții de stres termic de 35°C) și INL HST (suplimentare cu 1% inulină în condiții de stres termic de 35°C). Au existat diferențe semnificative în ceea ce privește greutatea corporală între grupuri, grupul CON HST înregistrând o scădere semnificativă (p=0,045) comparativ cu grupul CON NTC , iar grupul INL HST înregistrând o creștere comparativ cu CON HST . De asemenea, greutatea pipotei a fost semnificativ (p=0,001) redusă în grupul CON HST . O creștere semnificativă a populației de Lactobacillus sp . (p=0,038) și o scădere semnificativă a Enterobacteriaceae sp. și Staphylococcus sp. (p=0,004; p=0,005) au fost observate în grupul INL HST , comparativ cu CON NTC și CON HST . În ceea ce privește profilul hematologic și biochimic, s-a observat o creștere semnificativă a heterofilelor în grupul CON HST (p<0,001) comparativ cu grupurile CON NTS și INL HST ; nivelurile proteinelor serice (p=0,013) și ale proteinelor totale (p=0,013) au crescut atât în ​​grupul CON HTS , cât și în grupul INL HTS comparativ cu grupul CON NTS . Evaluarea histomorfometrică intestinală a lățimii vilozităților a înregistrat o creștere semnificativă (p=0,003) în grupul INL HST comparativ cu grupul CON HST . În concluzie, administrarea a 1% inulină în dieta puilor de carne a crescut semnificativ populațiile de bacterii benefice din microflora intestinală, fără a influența performanța de creștere, parametrii sanguini și histomorfometria vilozităților și criptelor din duodenul puilor de carne.
Study on the Potential use of Tomatoes and their By-Products in Poultry Nutrition
The study evaluates the potential use of tomato processing by-products (pomace, peels and seeds) in poultry nutrition, within the content of circular economy and environmental sustainability. These by-products are valuable sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including proteins, crude fiber, lipids, essential minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants such as carotenoids, polyphenols and tocopherols. Their composition may vary depending on tomato variety and processing conditions. In laying hens, dietary inclusion at low to moderate levels (5–15%) does not negatively affect productive performance, while improving yolk colour, oxidative stability and, in some cases, reducing cholesterol levels. In broiler chickens, inclusion levels up to 8–10% can be used without major adverse effects, with potential benefits on antioxidant status and immune response, particularly under stress conditions. However, higher inclusion levels (≥15%) may reduce feed intake, growth performance and feed efficiency due to high fiber content and reduced nutrient digestibility. Processing methods such as fermentation or supplementation with exogenous enzymes can partially alleviate these limitations. In conclusion, tomato by-products represent sustainable alternative feed ingredients with important nutritional, economic and environmental benefits in poultry production systems.